Analyze

WHAT (& WHAT FOR): Lead is a metal often found in pipes, and in old paint (before it was banned in paint in the late 1970s). Before 1996, lead also found in vehicle fuel resulting in  soil contamination in many communities from both paint dust and vehicle pollution. 

HEALTH IMPACT: Lead is a neurotoxin and is known to have no safe blood lead level in children. 

Has been linked to:

1. Brain swelling, anemia, seizures, renal failure, reduced IQ, and ADHD

2. Damages brain development in children

3. Connected to behavioral problems like aggression and bullying, and internalizing problems such as depression and anxiety 

LOCAL IMPACT: Recent research in Santa Ana has shown that there is a disproportionately impact of solid lead contamination crisis on lower income, people of color communities. 

POSSIBLE RESPONSES: There are many ways to respond to lead contamination:

1. Providing special health care for children with high blood lead levels, and investigating possible sources of lead exposure in homes, daycares and school, playground, etc.

2. Implement strict housing policies where landlord and city housing officials are required to have lead inspections of homes for lead paint hazards (especially in low income, people of color communities)

3. Requiring a minimum reduction standard for lead paint in older homes 

4. Requiring blood lead level test as part of the routine check up for children (extremely important for children in low-income housing)

The policy is the IAEA: Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident. Written in 1986, it aimed to create an international system for reporting a nuclear accident, transferring vital information from the source to those who would need it to facilitate effective emergency response.

The convention was drafted and signed at a special meeting of the IAEA that took place 5 months after the Chernobyl Disaster. No one author or author country could be determined based on the document.

This policy applies internationally, to 119 states who were subject to it after the entry to force date. 69 states signed the convention at the IAEA special meeting in 1986.

This policy was created as a direct response to the Chernobyl Disaster. An interesing historical note is that the USSR and the Ukranian SSR were among the 69 states that signed the convention at the 1986 meeting, and both quickly ratified it afterward. 

By establishing for effective communication of information regarding a nuclear accident to other states which could be effected by it, and creating policies for the transfer of information, the convention addresses public health by giving goverments access to the information needed to respond to a nuclear disaster from abroad. 

This policy doesn't specifically address the needs of vulnerable popluations. 

This policy would help provide first responders and technical professionals with specific information on a nuclear emergency from a forign source which they could be responding to. This information could allow them to more effectively mitigate the effects of such a disaster. 

This policy was innitially well recieved and was quickly ratified by a number of countries with major nuclear capabilities. However after the Fukushima Disaster, this policy and other international policies were percieved by the public to be slow and inefficient in spreading vital information.

Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident.  The convention is aimed to take a high level safety in any nuclear activities to prevent accidents  or in the case of the accident happened, minimizing the consequences of the nuclear effects.  Furthermore, the convention is encouraging countries (state) that undertaking the nuclear  activities can exchange information on the accidents in order to gained an internationally  cooperation on nuclear safeties.