Analyze

Given the vastness of Formosa Plastics' influence, there are many ways to tell its story to the world. As environmental justice activists and researchers, how do we describe a company and its negative impact when there is so much to say? Limited by time, word count, and the audience's attention span, we must decide what goes unsaid. As a result, we could write countless answers to the same question, "What is Formosa Plastics?"

In this published academic case study, I introduce Formosa Plastics through a local lens--specifically, through the eyes of a grandmother-turned-activist in the small town of Welcome, Louisiana. Her family's history with social justice activism, as well as the area's connection to centuries of slavery, make the environmental racism of Formosa Plastics' Sunshine Project especially salient. Although Formosa Plastics is a global force, telling its story on the microscale is an equally important perspective. After all, in Sharon Lavigne's eyes, her small town is her world. How many of these little worlds have Formosa Plastics destroyed as they wreak havoc across international borders?

Operations of transnational companies are affecting marginalized communities across the globe. As Kaswan had highlighted through examples of Union Carbide’s pesticide plant in India, as well as pollution associated with oil companies in Latin America, the implications of distributive environmental justice in such contexts are apparent yet difficult to address. Across international boundaries law enforcement becomes increasingly difficult, which is at the heart of the problem of my research topic. 

“The “right” scale will depend upon the nature of the harm being analyzed and purpose for which information is being gathered.” (Kaswan, p 29)

“Numerous studies, at a multiplicity of scales, analyze the distribution of a wide variety of land uses, as well as risk: what exposures, with what consequences, do people experience?” (Kaswan, p 33). 

This text builds on concepts of equality, bases for deviating from the core idea of equality, and the multiple contexts that define and shape distributive justice. Kaswan additionally advances the distributive environmental justice by outlining the different contexts, including historical land use patterns, government regulations, infrastructure, and enforcement and the implications that each of these dimensions have on contributing to distributive injustice. 

The main narrative of this text builds on foundational ideas on equality and extrapolates it further to establish how distributive environmental justice, its ideas and articulations, as well as its operationalization, has taken shape throughout the years. To outline these points, Kaswan outlines different cases of environmental disaster, and subsequent government responses, to showcase how government institutions have both upheld and endeavored to address distributive environmental inequality in the past decades.

The Covid-19 Pandemic Vulnerability Index (PVI) Dashboard, which relies on the Toxicological Prioritization Index (ToxiPi) to integrate diverse data into a geospatial context.

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). COVID-19 Pandemic Vulnerability Index (PVI) Dashboard. 2021. Available online: https://covid19pvi.niehs.nih.gov/ (accessed on 24 July 2021).

The PVI dashboard is included in the CDCD’s Covid-19 Data Tracker as part of the “Unique Populations” tab.  

NIEHS also developed Covid-19 PVI lesson plans for high school students (grades 9 – 12) to learn to examine risk factors associated with Covid-19 using the index. The goals of the curriculum are to provide students with a tool for examining the spread and health outcomes of a pandemic, to promote their awareness of how various factors (biological, social, behavioral, etc.) impact disease spread and outcomes, and to support the development of prevention and intervention strategies that reduce exposures to risk factors and their adverse health impacts. The lesson plans highlight the significance of social and environmental determinants in public health.

Learning objectives of the curriculum include:

• Knowing what a mathematical model is, the purpose of using a mathematical model
• How to examine the social factors contributing to the spread of infectious disease
• How to analyze the environmental factors that contribute to the spread of infectious disease
• Knowing about intervention strategies that could mitigate the impact of infectious disease on public health

The PVI dashboard was also used by anthropologist Jayajit Chakraborty to examine the relationship between Covid-19 vulnerability and disability status in the US. Chakraborty applied the dashboard and data from the 2019 American Community Survey to investigate whether vulnerability to the pandemic has been significantly greater in counties containing higher percentages of people with disabilities in four timeframes from May 2020 to February 2021. Chakraborty found that the percentage of people with disabilities (as well as those reporting other cognitive, vision, ambulatory, self-care and independent living difficulties) was significantly greater in counties with the highest 20% of the PVI. Chakraborty calls for further research to better understand the adverse impacts of Covid-19 on PwDs (people with disabilities).

Chakraborty, J. Vulnerability to the COVID-19 Pandemic for People with Disabilities in the U.S. Disabilities 2021, 1, 278-285. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities1030020

The index produces an overall score derived from 12 indicators distributed across four domains (current infection rates, baseline population concentration, current interventions, and health and environmental vulnerabilities. Each vulnerability factor is represented as a slide of a radar chart (see below).

The dashboard can also be used to visualize changes over time in cases, deaths, PVI, and PVI rank (with a line chart and a bar chart), as well as predicted changes in cases and deaths (with a line chart), see below.

Additional visual layers can be added to the PVI map (e.g. number of cases and deaths).