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joerene.avilesArgument supported by several secondhand historical accounts, other reports, and a comparison to how the 9/11 investigation was handled.
Argument supported by several secondhand historical accounts, other reports, and a comparison to how the 9/11 investigation was handled.
1) Past—the past is used as a guide to the future. Past research is used in the article such as from the Vietnam War.
2) Present—PTSD and MMD are explored in detail in areas that have been effected by it.
3) Future-- post-disaster plans and planning to better administer Psychological First Aid (PFA).
The article cites other reports, experts in various fields, and notes historical events (previous epidemics, disease outbreaks, bioterrorism) to support its arguments for biosecurity.
1) Personal trauma: this includes not only the direct, immediate effects of the disaster but also the long-term mental and physical effects from the disaster.
2) Way of life disrupted “disaster capitalism”: the next part of the syndrome includes business taking advantage of the situation for profits; the main case being private companies profiting off of federal funding to rebuild the homes and lives of the citizens who were affected.
3) Displacement: the well-off are able to relocated after the disaster has ended but for those less fortunate, there permanent effects are worse, and there is little they can do to relocated to their homes and communities after the superficial aspect of the disaster have ended.
The argument is suppored by interviews with organization representatives, data reported by NGOs and other parties (like the MSF), and review of current literature on violence affecting health service delivery.
1) In domains of biosecurity: bio-terrorism (smallpox, anthrax, etc.), emerging infectious diseases (AIDS, tuberculosis [TB], malaria, etc.), life science (intention production of various deadly organisms for research or otherwise), and food safety (animal borne pathogens and diseases like mad cow, E. coli, etc.)
2) Global health and emergency response: The DOTS (Directly-Observed Treatment, Short-Course) program failed in several areas to be a service-ready anywhere in the globe for drug resistant TB in places like Georgia. The strict regulations in treatment did not account for the variance in doctor training and practices in this area of the world. Its rigidness led to the breakdown of the protocol adherence.
3) Health security and modernization risks: As the world modernizes, we generate new risks that need to be addressed. For example, in the 20th century, the technological and system advancements in agriculture and food processing have aided in consistent and increased food supply, but also introduced new problems such as sanitation practices and diseases that led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration and the expansion of the Department of Agriculture.
1) Case studies.
2) The laws of France with regard to healthcare and non-citizens.
3) Personal experience of medical professionals.
1) International courts came to agreement that gender based acts of violence, such as rape, constitute a crime against humanity.
2) When gender is erased from the picture it removes the why, what, and how of the incident as well as ting to be uniform in care but also recognizing biological differences between men and women, gender differences and how that changes treatment, care, and outcome.
3) Human rights activists have been championing to address violence against women since the 1980s which later turned into “gender based violence” so that it would broaden the scope to include any gender.
The argument is supported by findings from other research articles for HIV trends in impoverished populations in Baltimore in the 1990s, Partners in Health research in Rwanda and Haiti, and analyses of PIH's structural interventions (in "The Lessons of Baltimore, Haiti, and Rwanda" section).
The argument is supported with case studies, anecdotal evidence from medical officers, research on the history of the article, and news reports regarding the law.