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Emergency response is discussed more in terms of prevention. While the PIH model was used as a response to the high prevalence of disease in the area, it can be used to show how emergency response may require reaction using a model or system that can be long-term. Prevention is explored using the concept of structural violence and how inherrent structures within our society are causing spread of disease. The paper offers the idea that identifying issues within a society could help response to further emergencies. 

Methods used by Farmer, et al include collecting data from the study done in Baltimor in the 1990's. They analyzed the statistics and observations found as main points of their argument. The model used in Haiti and the results from other methods implemented by physicians in those areas are also used as arguments to strengthen the article. 

1. “…large­-scale social forces—racism, gender inequality, poverty, political violence and war, and sometimes the very policies that address them—often determine who falls ill and who has access to care.”
2. "the holy grail of modern medicine remains the search for the molecular basis of disease."
3. "In some senses, the model is simple: clinical and community barriers to care are removed as diagnosis and treatment are declared a public good and made available free of charge to patients living in poverty."
4. "The poor are the natural constituents of public health, and physicians ... are the natural attourneys of the poor."

1. I first did further research on Paul Farmer through the PIH website, as he is a cofounder. Through there I also looked at their story and mission to further my understanding of the organization. 
2. I looked into the Baltimore study further and read some anecdotes and stories about AIDS patients living in the Baltimore area and the circumstances under which they contracted HIV. The concept "survival sex" was used to describe situational circumstance that forced men and women into prostitution. These positions are tied to structural violence, as noted by Farmer in the article.
3. I read excerpts from one of Farmers other articles referenced in this one entitled, "The major infectious diseases in the world - to treat or not to treat?" This paper was studied among 6 countries and looked at the cure rates among patients with Tb and highlights the need of equal access to care around the world. 

Delivering AIDS Care Equitably in the United States: AIDS became a disease that disproportionately affected the poor in America. A study done in Baltimore reported how racism and poverty were the cause of excess deaths among African Americans. Efforts were made by physicians to improve community-based care and to get physicians in impoverished areas providing high standard of care. By addressing monetary barriers between poor African Americans and healthcare, dramatic improvements were made and lives were saved. Further studies were done in rural Haiti and Rwanda, which implemented the "PIH model". This model was designed to prevent excess mortality due to AIDS by preventing poverty and social inequalities. It also focused on preventing transmission of the disease. Each of these studies proved to be successful and supported the concept that biosocial circumstances are just as vital to patient care as is the molecular basis of a disease. 

Several references are written by authors of this article, showing their expertise in the subject and the extension of previous thought. Their work with the PIH is the continuation with references used from studies mentioned in the paper. 

The main argument of this article is that modern medicine searches only for the molecular basis of a disease and neglects the biosocial circumstances of a disease, which has allowed for discrepancy in treatment and spread of disease among rich and poor. This article discusses the concept of structural violence and how that has played a role in disease among the poor. The point of the author in this article is that if science and societies are able to address these issues, there would be a decrease in the spread of disease and an increase in prevention plans. 

Paul Farmer has used this paper in later works and has been published in various journals and books. 

The authors are Paul E Farmer, Bruce Nizeye, Sara Stulac, and Salmaan Keshavjee. All of whom work for Partners in Health. Paul Farmer, the primary author, is a physician and an anthropologist who has deeply investigated human rights and health. He also works with low-income neighborhoods and cities within the US as well as abroad.