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No bibliography was given, but the citations that are used in the article are likely from medical records or government records of some sort.

Didier Fassin is a French anthropologist and a sociologist in the school of science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ. He has conducted fieldwork in Senegal, Ecuador, South Africa, and France. Fassan is also trained as a physician in internal medicine and holds a degree in public health. Some of his early research focused on medical anthropology, the AIDS epidemic, mortality disparities, and global health. 

Didier Fassin is an anthropologist and sociologist. He was a doctor trained in internal medicine and public health, and has taken to working on humanitarian projects. He writes this article from this combination perspective - with a medical background as well as anthropology and sociology experience. He focuses more on his position and knowledge of the latter, as he writes with with politics and humanitiarianism in mind

Emergency response is not addressed, but it could lead to more patients if illegal immigrants are more encouraged to seek advanced medical attention, and billing could be complicated, since it may be funded by the government.

Because this document is the first chapter of a book, there was no source list provided, therefor no conclusions could be drawn.

The article supports its arguments in two main ways, by providing statistics and case stories. Statistics pertaining to medical based residence applications are separated by location, rationale, and department they were processed by in order to demonstrate varied acceptance rates. Case stories are used to show the process, the hurdles faced by applicants, and the effect that this policy has on the health of applicants.

The claims were supported by the laws and cases that have been caried out. The three parts of the law were explained and examples of situations were given.

I researched further on

1. Other medical based residence laws in western countries. 
2. Immigration laws in france
3. International refugee policy

The distribution of scarce resources, specifically with healthcare, is a struggle faced by all institutions and how it is acted upon is heavily dependent on the culture and values of the people making the allocations. In France, a relatively wealthy country with a high standard of medical care available, the government has elected to make advanced medical care available to people who would not be able to obtain it in their respective countries of origin by granting them residence rights on a health basis. The article discusses the social factors behind this, the adaptation of the policy over time to meet new demands, and how a balance between ethical and moral obligations, overall public health interests, and equal opportunity of immigrants applying was developed.

"Clearly, this criterion aimed to prevent people who came to France solely for the purposes of getting treatment for their illness from also acquiring a temporary residence permit and free health care under the medical assistance system. However, such situations were not uncommon"

"Precisely because he or she is illegally resident, the sick immigrant may undertake medical tests or seek treatment under a different name, so that the cost of treatment is coverd, or simply to avoid being denounced and deported"