1) Past—the past is used as a guide to the future. Past research is used in the article such as from the Vietnam War.
2) Present—PTSD and MMD are explored in detail in areas that have been effected by it.
3) Future-- post-disaster plans and planning to better administer Psychological First Aid (PFA).
With its large amount of citations and a wide variety of sources, we can extrapolate that this research article was made with a good deal of time and care. There are even citations to other works by Galea, but it appears that the only original research done for the article was interviewing responders and patients.
The main focus of the article is mental health issues resulting in the aftermath of a major disaster. Mental health is rarely discussed in these types of environments but persists long after the dust has settled and the houses rebuilt. This article seeks to explore the current state of mental health care in disaster environments.
It has been cited 39 times as of 10/23 according to google scholar, the majority of these being disaster/mental health related articles.
Dr. Emily Goldmann graduated from the University of Michigan with her PhD in Epidemiology and Columbia University with a Bachelor’s in economics and Chinese. Dr. Goldmann is currently a clinical assistant Professor of Global Public Health at New York University. “I am currently on the faculty of NYU's College of Global Public Health, in the Division of Social Epidemiology. My current research focuses on the intersection between physical and mental health in older adults, specifically trajectories of depressive symptoms following stroke. I also have a strong interest in the characterization, prevention, and treatment of mental illness in low-resource settings globally. I currently teach a master's level course in global mental health and an introductory course in epidemiology to undergraduate students.” (LinkedIn profile)
Dr. Sandro Galea graduated from University of Toronto with his MD, Harvard with a MPH, and Columbia with a DPH. Dr. Galea works as a physician and epidemiologist at Boston University School of Public Health. “In his scholarship, Dr Galea is centrally interested in the social production of health of urban populations, with a focus on the causes of brain disorders, particularly common mood-anxiety disorders and substance abuse. He has long had a particular interest in the consequences of mass trauma and conflict worldwide, including as a result of the September 11 attacks, Hurricane Katrina, conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa, and the American wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. ” (Boston University Biography)
Psychological first aid (PFA) administration is the main focus of the emergency response solution.
PFA has eight main action items to administration:
Contact and engagement, safety and comfort, stabilization, information gathering: current needs and concerns, practical assistance, connection with social supports, information on coping, and linkage with collaborative services. (nctsn.org)
External data/studies as well as interviews with doctors, responders, and patients on the ground were used to produce the arguments used in the article.
1) "These studies can help us understand what factors are associated with different courses of mental illness, which can help us identify the most vulnerable populations and inform tailored interventions"
2) "Psychological first aid (PFA) has become the preferred post-disaster intervention, with three goals: Secure survivors’ safety and basic necessities (e.g., food, medical supplies, shelter), which promotes adaptive coping and problem solving; reduce acute stress by addressing post-disaster stressors and providing strategies that may limit stress reactions; and help victims obtain additional resources that may help them cope and regain feelings of control."
3) “Exposure to disasters has been associated with a variety of mental health consequences. Although the majority of individuals cope well in the face of a disaster, a substantial proportion experience some psychological impairment, and a smaller proportion will go on to develop mental disorders.”
1) I did more research into our role and mental health in the EMS system as EMTs. I found this article to be particularly insightful: Managing Psychiatric Emergencies (http://www.emsworld.com/article/10931747/managing-psychiatric-emergencies).
2) Bettering and improving EMS care by bypassing EDs and transporting patients to mental hospitals.
(http://epmonthly.com/article/pilot-project-trains-ems-to-bypass-the-ed-with-mental-health-patients/)
3) Learned about FEMAs policies and programs for mental health following a disaster in the U.S. (https://www.fema.gov/recovery-directorate/crisis-counseling-assistance-training-program)