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Anonymous (not verified)
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Lee argues that EJ practice has long stagnated over an inability to properly define the concept of disproportionate (environmental and public health) impacts, but that national conversations on system racism and the development of EJ mapping tools have improved his outlook on the potential for better application of the concept of disproportionate impact. Lee identifies mapping tools (e.g. CalEnviroScreen) as a pathway for empirically based and analytically rigorous articulation and analysis of disproportionate impacts that are linked to systemic racism. In describing the scope and nature of application of mapping tools, Baker highlights the concept of cumulative impacts (the concentration of multiple environmental, public health, and social stressors), the importance of public participation (e.g. Hoffman’s community science model), the role of redlining in creating disproportionate vulnerabilities, and the importance of integrating research into decision making processes. Baker ultimately argues that mapping tools offer a promising opportunity for integrating research into policy decision making as part of a second generation of EJ practice. Key areas that Lee identifies as important to the continued development of more effective EJ practice include: identifying good models for quantitative studies and analysis, assembling a spectrum of different integrative approaches (to fit different contexts), connecting EJ research to policy implications, and being attentive to historical contexts and processes that produce/reproduce structural inequities.

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erin_tuttle
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The apps are noted in the article as ‘mostly homegrown’ and the technical capabilities show that to be the case. None of the apps described provide new function, but rather adapt a smartphones existing capabilities. The ability to record information, send information to another user, and send a group message already exist. The only special function supported in some of the apps is the automatic save of a recording to an otherwise inaccessible portion of the cloud.

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erin_tuttle
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The article refers to dozens of police and fire officers, including Battalion Chief Joseph Pfeifer the first chief at the towers, Assistant Chiefs Callan and Burns who faced radio communication issues, and Lt. Dan Williams form Ladder Company 16 where off duty firefighters disobeyed his direct orders to go home. Many other officers are quoted in the article. Two of the significant actors included are Thomas Von Essen, the fire commissioner and Police Commissioner Kelly, who acted as the public faces of the departments during the subsequent interviews and investigation.

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erin_tuttle
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Data visualization is primarily determined by the type of data being gathered and the system for data collection being used. The app integrates data in order to both make large quantities of data easily viewable and understood, as well as compare studies with existing data stored on the system.