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Anonymous (not verified)
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Lee argues that EJ practice has long stagnated over an inability to properly define the concept of disproportionate (environmental and public health) impacts, but that national conversations on system racism and the development of EJ mapping tools have improved his outlook on the potential for better application of the concept of disproportionate impact. Lee identifies mapping tools (e.g. CalEnviroScreen) as a pathway for empirically based and analytically rigorous articulation and analysis of disproportionate impacts that are linked to systemic racism. In describing the scope and nature of application of mapping tools, Baker highlights the concept of cumulative impacts (the concentration of multiple environmental, public health, and social stressors), the importance of public participation (e.g. Hoffman’s community science model), the role of redlining in creating disproportionate vulnerabilities, and the importance of integrating research into decision making processes. Baker ultimately argues that mapping tools offer a promising opportunity for integrating research into policy decision making as part of a second generation of EJ practice. Key areas that Lee identifies as important to the continued development of more effective EJ practice include: identifying good models for quantitative studies and analysis, assembling a spectrum of different integrative approaches (to fit different contexts), connecting EJ research to policy implications, and being attentive to historical contexts and processes that produce/reproduce structural inequities.

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Sara_Nesheiwat
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This policy was explicitly made for vulnerable populations who couldn't afford or for whatever reason did not have health insurance. The vulnerable parties that did not have health insurance were at risk of being turned away at hospitals during crucial times of need and emergency situations. This act completely absolved the worries and fears of this vulnerable population without health insurance by making it a law that these ED patients were to receive care and stabilization. This act was made for this specific vulnerable population, to prevent discrimination.

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Sara_Nesheiwat
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There are two authors Andrew Lakoff and Stephen Collier. Andrew Lakoff works at USC and has roughly 40 publications. He is a professor of anthropology, sociology and communication at USC and has written many works with Stephen Collier. Collier has about 36 publications, and is a professor of international affairs at The New School. They are not directly involved in emergency response research but they do a lot of international studies related to medicine and disaster.

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Sara_Nesheiwat
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Professionals can use this data to better equip themselves with the knowledge of weaknesses of the masses, in terms of what they know or don't know and what they perceive about the Influenza epidemic. Professionals can better identify where most people receive their data from and where they are most likely to get their information from. This will allow professionals to better identify vulnerable groups and better prepare those areas and groups, sculpting educational programs and informational/educational forums and outlets to them, with the hopes of increasing public health efforts.

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Sara_Nesheiwat
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This author has cited this paper in his own books, as well as other papers. This article is also cited on numerous World Trade Center websites and other studies on the collapsing of the towers and disasters. This paper is also cited in a lot of online publications involving disasters in urban areas and the WTC specifically. 

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Sara_Nesheiwat
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According to the publication linked below, funding for this program is provided by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundations, the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, and the Royal Norwegian Government. The university itself (Tulane) as well as partnering schools will sponsor certain programs or take in donations as well, to provide a trip to Africa etc. to present information or educate those in the area.

http://www2.tulane.edu/drla/upload/DRL-Publication-2015.pdf