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I am currently in the process of transitioning my M.A. level course on Science, Technology, and Development with 11 students to virtual instruction. One of my interests in engaging with COVID-19 is to examine how it (should) informs development ideologies and practices. How should students of development studies retool -- conceptually, methodologically, practically -- in wake of the pandemic?

Emergency response, in the sense of law enforcement, fire prevention, rescue, and EMS, is not addressed. However, humanitarian and disaster response, in the face of disease and illness, is related to the topics addressed in this article.

FEMA, as a federal agency, is funded by the federal government as budgeted each year from available tax revenue.

It does not. The organization adheres to state and national EMS guidelines and protocols.

The authors present a number of current strategies that are primarily developed around an emergency modality of intervention. The strategies and protocols currently implemented by numerous organizations involve short-term interventions and responses to the immediate threat or crisis rather than the long-term socioeconomic or geopolitical factors that contribute to the emergence of such threats. The current focus lies in emergency response and humanitarian aid rather than nation building or infrastructure developments.

OSHA has set numerous occupational standards affecting almost every industry. In addition, OSHA conducts inspections to ensure compliance with safety standards. Failure to adhere to established standards could open up an organization to potential lawsuits and punitive actions. 

The US Department of Veterans Affairs receives funding from the federal government. The proposed budget for Veterans Affairs was $132 billion in 2012. In 2014, the requested budget was $152.7 billion, including $66.5 billion in discretionary resources and $86.1 billion in mandatory funding.