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FEMA, as a federal agency, is funded by the federal government as budgeted each year from available tax revenue.

It does not. The organization adheres to state and national EMS guidelines and protocols.

The authors present a number of current strategies that are primarily developed around an emergency modality of intervention. The strategies and protocols currently implemented by numerous organizations involve short-term interventions and responses to the immediate threat or crisis rather than the long-term socioeconomic or geopolitical factors that contribute to the emergence of such threats. The current focus lies in emergency response and humanitarian aid rather than nation building or infrastructure developments.

OSHA has set numerous occupational standards affecting almost every industry. In addition, OSHA conducts inspections to ensure compliance with safety standards. Failure to adhere to established standards could open up an organization to potential lawsuits and punitive actions. 

Emergency response, in the sense of law enforcement, fire prevention, rescue, and EMS, is not addressed. However, humanitarian and disaster response, in the face of disease and illness, is related to the topics addressed in this article.

The author relied on anecdotal evidence in the form of historical accounts, personal interviews, and surveys, as well as statistical and scientific field data she gathered on her visits to Ukraine.