This bar graph shows that blacks have the lowest median household income out of all races. This means that they are at most risk of hazards, they are most affected by poverty, with Hispanics being the second most affected.
This study is published the Environmental Health Perspectives. The journal helps explain the continuity between human health and the environment. They publish topics like toxicology, epidemiology, exposure science, and risk assessment. The publication is ranked highly among professionals and has a rating of 8.44.
there are some pollutants that affect the community and in other places:
Food stamp (SNAP) rolls increased over the years, and the article addresses that this is a sign of poverty. The USDA is an agency that administers food stamps.
nothing was really done to prevent anything from happening. The river was known for its dirty and polluted waters which occured due to years of industrial toxin buildup in the waters.
The policy is to have stronger land use and environmental rules on a local level. It aims to mitigate use of pollutants, and give careful attention to low-income, minority citizens as to not pollute their communities.
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are two agencies that many low-income families are enrolled in. WIC provides nutritious food for pregnant, breastfeeding and postpartum women, infants and children up to the age of five; it is specifically available for household up to 185 percent of the federal poverty lines. SNAP provides low-income families with nutritious food.
In the article, the authors used data from the 2011-2015 American Community 5-Year Estimates by the U.S. Census, 2010 U.S Census, and George C. Galster, “The Mechanism(s) of Neighborhood Effects: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications.”. They looked at data follwing children under 18, and followed poverty trends such as census tracts for concentrated areas of high poverty. They used the number of children in Essex County Cities and compared it to the the amount of children in poverty in those cities, for the years of 2000 and 2015. Henceforth, they created an arguement stating that Child Poverty rates have risen within those 15 years, and even by 50% in some areas. The only issue I have with some of this data is that in some cities, we see a decrease in child population - and while there is an increase in child poverty in those areas, I feel like the reduced number of children in that area plays a big part in the so called "Increased Child Poverty Rates".
This study determines if childhood blood lead levels correlate with educational achievement. They studied this through standardized test scores.
one of the main vulnerabilities is that there is a large amounts of sewage and trash polluting the water and it gets sucked into the overflow system that are used to prevent flooding. this further pollutes the surrounding are and further poisons the environment.