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1. With the lack of medical centers, there is a lot of cost to invest into the help to these countries. But the main reason is the occurrence of war and instable activities.

“In 2015, MSF provided humanitarian assistance in 69 countries.

Around 54 per cent of activities were carried out in settings of instability. Some 57 per cent of programs were in Africa…MSF spent 1,283 million euros: 82 per cent was spent on humanitarian activities…” [http://www.msf.org/en/article/msf-international-activity-report-2015]

2. There is an urgently need of HIV/TB doctors in the field. [http://www.msf.org/en/work-msf/working-in-the-field]

“MSF provided care for 333,900 people living with HIV/AIDS and antiretroviral treatment for 240,100 people in 2015.” With the lack of appropriate medical educations, many people do not know they have infected with HIV. [MSF international_activity_report_2015_en_2nd_ed.pdf]

3. Close of Programs

“When a violent situation has stabilized sufficiently, and access to health services improves, MSF will close its program.”

“When local or national authorities and organizations have the capacity and motivation to restore and develop a medical system that meets the urgent needs of the population, MSF will withdraw.”

“MSF will close a program when a medical emergency ends.”

[http://www.msf.org/en/msf-activities]

Language difficulties; Non smart phone users; No internet connection etc.

There are two volumes to this report:  a. The UN scientific committee reported the effect of the atomic radiation based on the  event of Fukushima nuclear accidents.  b. Scientific findings on the effects of radiation exposure to the children. 

The development of the system was funded by their partners (e.g. Making All Voices Count with $55M). the general publics can donate via Facebook or create a fundraiser for Ushahidi via Facebook.

In this article, the main agencies been depicted are the local publics and the health centers. From the reports, Guinea medical centers and aid works are the main targets that received violence acts and harassments from the general publics. Whereas the publics have the perception that aid workers such as doctors and nurses are the transporters of the virus within the local communities.  

From the “At a Glance.pdf”, OSHA covers a wide range of works from private sector works (including 50 states and other US jurisdictions), states and local government workers that operate their programs to federal government workers.

But their do have some types of workers that are not eligible for the act protection such as self-employed workers, immediate family members of farm employers and workplace hazards regulated by another federal agency (e.g. Mine Safety and Health Administration). [https://www.osha.gov/Publications/all_about_OSHA.pdf]

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Funding was not mentioned in the study, but from the author’s relevant background information, personally would assume the study could found by The Miriam Hospital (The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights; www.prisonerhealth.org) and CFAR (nationwide Centers for AIDS Research). [https://vivo.brown.edu/display/jrichmph]

Cloud9 is built to serve as a bridge between the patients and the physicians (or similar organizations) to communicate on the issue that they are facing. This app has especially designed for improving mental healthcare for existing and unserved populations. It has engaged both parties with interactive/innovative features to profile and serve the patients. The ultimate aim for Cloud9 is to provide an affordable/approachable access to mental healthcare, along with reduce stigma surrounding mental disorders.

The policy can assist the control to water contamination, therefore improve the general public health. “The hazmat team identified the need to collect the water used to decontaminate the victims (deconwater) to avoid a release to the environment.”

The report is provided with both English and Japanese for the technical professionals to study.  For the general publics, this report summary (fact sheet) has provided in six major languages  to assist them to gained a broad understanding to the works.