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CITIZEN SCIENCE

Epistemic negotiation

Stakeholders (indigenous groups, activist, scientist, scholars, etc)

The authors researched previoud research papers, articles, or speeches to gather data that was used to create a discussion.

The argument is supported through examples of violence, interviews, and insight into the ways in which research is lacking in this field.

This article discusses how 9/11 can be compared to other disasters in US history such as the burning of the US Capitol Building in 1814 or the Iroquois Theater Fire in Chicago that occurred in 1903. These comparisons highlight how disaster investigations in the US have changed over time, which shows how political and societal norms of the time affected the investigation and reaction. He highlights how responsibility for disasters and authority is often an issue. 

The author is Didier Fassin. He is a French anthropologist and sociologist who has conducted fieldwork in Senegal, Ecuador, South Africa, and France. He currently works at the Institute for Advanced Study as a professor of Social Science. He is a trained physician in internal medicine and public health. He works with Doctors Without Borders and focused his early research on medical anthropology, the AIDS epidemic, mortality disparities, and global health. He has received many awards and has been an author on many publications, including several of his own books. His current work focuses on punishment, asylum, inequality, and politics of life. He also studies justice and prison systems. 

On the academy's front page, they have information regarding DRLA in the news and other highlights. It would appear that the program is highly regarded. USAID's Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance visits Tulane to speak to students about career opportunities, showing that this program produces leaders that would fit the role of a caring and talented worker. Graduate students were also able to collaborate with local volunteer teams in the Louisiana Flood Recovery. Some Tulane professors also have UNICEF grants, which allow them to help lead UNICEF tranings meant to strengthen social service workfoce. They have met with several governmental agencies and FEMA, which provides a framework highlighting how well esteemed this academy and program really is. 

Emily Goldmann, PhD, MPH, is an Assistant Research Professor of Global Public Health at the College of Global Public Health. Her work focuses on social and environmental determinants of mental health conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, as well as the mental health consequences of acute health events. She believes that context is important when thinking about mental health conditions and that the causes of mental illnesses are embedded in all aspects of life. She has also worked as an epidemiologist at the NYC Dept of Health and Mental Hygiene in the Bureau of Adult Mental Health following Hurricane Sandy. 

Sandro Galea, MD, MPH, DrPH is a physician and epidemiologist. He is the Robert A. Knox Professor and Dean at the Boston University School of Public Health. He has served as the Anna Cheskis Gelman and Murray Charles Gelman Professor and Chair of the Department of Epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. He has also held leadership positions at the University of Michigan and at the New York Academy of Medicine. His interests lie in the social production of health of urban populations, with a focus on the causes of brain disorders such as mood-anxiety disorders and substance abuse. He also works on the consequences of mass trauma worldwide. He has published over 600 scientific journal articles, 50 chapters, and 10 books and has received funding from NIH and CDC. His medical degree is from the University of Toronto, and his graduate degrees are from Harvard and Columbia with an honorary doctorate from the University of Glasgow. He has held several prestigous leadership positions. 

The system relies on its developers, as mentioned, for support and information. They are also responsible with creating updated versions in order to provide better functionality, but also keep the information up-to-date and accurate. 

1. Schmid discusses the aftermath of Fukushima and how the workers at the plant lacked expertise in handling this type of disaster, and as a result, retreated. This is an example of the lack of knowledge among workers and lack of an action plan in case a disaster such as the one that occured happens.

2. Schmid points out how world leaders are recognizing the need for a unified and consice nuclear emergency response plan. One of the leaders include Russian nuclear operator, who suggested that international law should force countries operating nuclear plants to abide by international safety standards. 

3. She also points out how executives in the nuclear industry create many rules in order to control the workers. They don't necessarily analyze when, why, and by whom rules are broken, but instead implement more rules. When rule-beinding or judgement calls are made, executives try to conceal them instead of learn from them, which is part of the issue at hand. Improvisation is very important. Especially when it emphasizes the expertise of the executives. During an emergency, improvisation would show what experts have experienced and how well they can lead and cooperate. 

The main point of this article is that medicine needs human experience through stories and vignettes in order to provide better diagnoses and outcomes for patients. This author highlights the importance for doctors to consider stories and personal anecdotes when deciding what would be best for their patient.